Salvatore Strozza

Immigration flows and social inequalities reflect increased social and multi‐ethnic segregation in contemporary urban Europe. For a better understanding of these processes, the present study investigates the main strengths of the multi‐group residential indices, testing sensitivity and reliability under different metropolitan contexts in five European countries. These indices focus on different research dimensions and approach multi‐group residential segregation conceptually and mathematically in a different way. A multivariate exploratory data analysis was adopted to classify the observed segregation patterns into a few homogeneous types and to delineate the multivariate relationship between the indices. The results of principal component analysis demonstrate that the indices assessing uniformity and disproportionality of the social groups analysed (H and D) contribute largely to the diversification in today's multi‐ethnic communities, clarifying the importance of the dimension of evenness. Our results highlight how segregation is more evident in economically disadvantaged metropolitan regions with high levels of social vulnerability.

In recent years many scholars have been more and more interested in exploring the association between personal networks and social integration processes for immigrants. The availability of social support networks for immigrants in the country of destination is crucial to modulate the impact of first settlement and to foster social integration. Of course, the effects of social support on social integration depend on the different relational patterns on which personal networks are based and on the type and amount of resources that networks can provide. Here, our particular interest is to explore the association between ego-networks characteristics and social and economic integration processes for immigrants. We focus on two ethnic groups, Sri Lankan and Ukrainian, by using data from a more comprehensive survey on living conditions for immigrants living in Naples. First, we aim to describe and explore the structure of social relationships that immigrants activate in order to obtain dif...

Immigration to Italy has dramatically increased in the last two decades (Strozza, 2010), counterbalancing fertility that, like other Southern countries, had reached in the mid-nineties lowest-low levels (Delgado Perez and Livi Bacci, 1992; Kohler et al., 2002). The proportion of foreigners within our borders has dramatically increased in the last 12 years passing from 2.4% at the end of 2001 to around 8% in 2013, bringing Italy to be the fourth country in EU for number of foreign population (Strozza and Buonomo, 2014). In the last decade Italy has also experienced a slight recover of fertility, passing from a Total Fertility Rate (TFR) of 1.2 in 1999 to 1.4 in 2011. In the same period the incidence of births from foreign mothers has also increased passing from 4% in 1999 to 20% in 2013. We know that values of period TFR recorded by foreign women were remarkably higher than those of nationals. At the same time, mean age at childbearing is significantly lower than that of native women...

Il capitolo di Paolo Diana e Salvatore Strozza analizza, con un approccio quantitativo, le condizioni abitative degli immigrati presenti nella provincia di Caserta. I percorsi di insediamento abitativo spesso procedono di pari passo con i percorsi di integrazione, determinandone il risultato finale. Il capitolo evidenzia come dall’estremo disagio abitativo si passi attraverso una condizione che, seppure di autonomia abitativa, presenta ancora tratti di marginalità dovuti principalmente ai servizi scadenti, alla non conformità del contratto di affitto e alla qualità dell’alloggio, per poi giungere, infine, a una condizione abitativa soddisfacente e rispettosa del benessere individuale e familiare. Pur non considerandole tappe predefinite o necessarie di un processo, esse rappresentano, tuttavia, un primo passo per procedere alla costruzione di modelli predittivi dei percorsi di insediamento abitativo che appaiono determinanti nel definire le condizioni di vita e i livelli di integraz...

... Coste Sant'Agostino, Teramo, pgiorgi@unite.it 3 Università degli studi Roma Tre, Via G. Chiabrera, 199, Roma, cecilia.reynaud@uniroma3.it 4 Università degli studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Leopoldo Rodinò n. 22 - Napoli, strozza@unina.it 5 ... ε β β β β ln ln ln ln ln ln 3 2 1 0 ...

ABSTRACT [EN] According to the latest data, at the beginning of 2010 the total immigrant population in the province of Caserta was estimated to be 50.000 (about 5% of population). They are mostly concentrated around the town of Caserta, in the coastal area called Litorale Domitio and the inland rural area of Agro aversano. About 20.000 immigrants are non-resident (about 40%) one-third of which are estimated to be irregular. These statistical data show the existence of pull factors in this territory, attracting migration inflows mainly irregular and unstable, which makes the province of Caserta an interesting case-study. Moreover, the characteristics of the employment of immigrants in the province of Caserta has already been a cue for the analysis of the labour market in Southern Italy. Here, in fact, the specificities of local labour market, the characteristics of new migration flows in Europe since the Seventies of the last century, and the internationalization of the labour market have been intertwined. The migration phenomenon in the local context falls into the so called “Mediterranean model of immigration”, developed in the Nineties. Though migration to Southern Europe have been generated by push factors, immigrants have found in the local context employment opportunities into the informal economy (low paid and irregular jobs), mainly in agriculture, construction and household services sectors. The article examines the present situation of the immigrants in the local labour market in the province of Caserta, analysing work conditions, main occupational sectors, wage levels and working times. The source of data is a survey conducted in the first months of 2010 on a representative sample of 1.200 immigrants over eighteen, found through the aggregation centres sampling technique. The socio-demographic characteristics of immigrants, the length of stay, the human and social capital, the legal status and the social networks, are the main keys to understand both the complex situation of immigrants in the local labour market and their strategies to improve their living and working conditions in the area of destination. It is confirmed the Mediterranean model of immigration, but with different opportunities and modalities of employment, according to the profile of workers (gender, nationality, etc.) and the specific context of settlement (urban or rural area). [IT] Secondo le stime più recenti gli stranieri che vivono nella provincia di Caserta sono all’inizio del 2010 quasi 50 mila (più del 5% della popolazione) per lo più concentrati intorno al capoluogo e nei comuni del Litorale dominio e dell’Agro aversano. Circa 20 mila non sono residenti (oltre il 40%) e tra questi pressappoco un terzo sono irregolari. Queste poche informazioni già danno conto della forte capacità di attrazione dell’area nonché dell’importanza assunta della componente meno stabile e sommersa del fenomeno, elementi che rendono particolarmente interessante prendere in esame questa realtà locale. Per altro, l’inserimento dei lavoratori immigrati in provincia di Caserta ha da sempre presentato importanti spunti di riflessione ed analisi sul mercato del lavoro locale, dove le specificità del territorio si sono intrecciate con i nuovi flussi migratori che hanno interessato l’Europa a partire dalla metà degli anni Settanta e con i processi di internazionalizzazione del mercato del lavoro. L’immigrazione nel casertano rientra in ciò che è stato chiamato, a metà degli anni Novanta, il modello mediterraneo delle migrazioni. Un’immigrazione che, benché dovuta a fattori di spinta, ha trovato nel contesto di destinazione un rapido inserimento lavorativo in occupazioni precarie e spesso al nero in agricoltura, in edilizia o nel settore dei servizi alle famiglie. Sulla base dei dati di un’indagine svolta tra dicembre 2009 e marzo 2010, con il metodo dei centri e ambienti di aggregazione su un campione rappresentativo di quasi 1.200 immigrati maggiorenni originari dei Paesi a forte pressione migratoria, viene esaminata in dettaglio la situazione lavorativa più recente degli immigrati presenti sul territorio casertano. La condizione professionale, i settori di impiego, le attività svolte, le retribuzioni e gli orari sono gli elementi analizzati in dettaglio attraverso i quali è stato possibile riscontrare situazioni diverse di inserimento lavorativo. Le caratteristiche socio demografiche, l’anzianità della presenza, il capitale umano, la condizione giuridica e le reti sociali, soprattutto quelle della comunità nazionale di appartenenza, sono alcune delle chiavi di lettura utili a comprendere la variegata situazione che emerge dai risultati dell’indagine e a individuare le strategie che alcuni riescono a mettere in campo per migliorare la propria condizione di lavoro e di vita nel contesto migratorio. È comunque all’interno del modello mediterraneo di immigrazione che si realizza l’inserimento occupazionale degli immigrati, ma con opportunità e modalità…

ABSTRACT L'immigrazione straniera nel casertano è stata oggetto di attenzione degli studiosi fin dai primi anni Ottanta per l'importanza e la peculiarità dei flussi migratori che hanno interessato una realtà locale così particolare per struttura del sistema produttivo e complessità delle relazioni sociali. Il volume intende proporre un aggiornamento e, allo stesso tempo, un approfondimento sul fenomeno migratorio facendo ricorso ai dati ufficiali disponibili, oggi più attendibili e dettagliati, ma soprattutto alla ricchezza informativa derivante da un'indagine campionaria sul livello di integrazione degli immigrati presenti nel casertano, finanziata dall'amministrazione provinciale e realizzata a inizio 2010 su un campione di circa 1.200 cittadini dei paesi meno sviluppati e dell'Europa centro-orientale (compresi i neo-comunitari). L'obiettivo è fare luce su caratteristiche e condizioni di vita delle comunità straniere presenti nella provincia e su alcuni aspetti capaci di qualificare il legame tra immigrati e territorio per fornire elementi utili per la determinazione di politiche sociali di accoglimento e di integrazione il più possibile aderenti alla realtà.

Despite the relevance of the gender dimension of immigration, political engagement of migrant women has rarely been the focus of scholarly research. This article tries to fill this gap. Using secondary data from the “Condizione e integrazione sociale dei cittadini stranieri” [Social Condition and Integration of Foreign Citizens] survey carried out by the National Institute of Statistics (ISTAT) in 2011–2012, we analysed the factors that at an individual level spur or inhibit migrants’ political engagement in Italy in terms of gender differences. We decided to use political interest and political participation separately as dependent dichotomous variables in logistic models that consider structural, situational, migratory, and group-related variables as independent factors. From our analysis, some relevant differences emerged both in terms of gender and in terms of political attitudes and behaviours. Our results confirm the existence of a gender gap in political engagement among migr...

Internal mobility in Italy, after periods of intense growth and stagnation with different directions and actors involved, showed a marked increase also thanks to the contribution of the foreigners residing in Italy. In the last years, in fact, international immigration seems to have affected greatly the nature and features of internal mobility. Between 1995 and 2010, the changes of residence between Italian municipalities increased of more than 20%. Simultaneously, the contribution of the foreign population to internal migrations reached the level of 17%. The increase of the number of foreign residents, their greater propensity to move within the country, and structural factors such as the greater incidence of foreigners within the younger age-groups, may only partly explain these changes. We use data from the population register on changes of residence, which allows the knowledge of individual movements and which is the source mostly used to study internal mobility. This work aims ...

Internal migration has a strong impact on population redistribution, and plays a significant role in social cohesion. In Italy, the foreign population is a mosaic made up of minorities with different demographic characteristics. The aim of this study is to unveil, by means of a gravity model and using data from the Italian population register from 2014 to 2017, significant differences between national and foreign citizens’ inter‐provincial migration patterns. Some migrants, such as the Ukrainian citizens, follow a process of spatial assimilation while others, as in the case of Chinese citizens, respond to the call of migration networks. The role played by the distance of the inter‐provincial migration in making these moves is also different, and varies from citizenship to citizenship: Indians and Albanians are more willing to travel longer distances; conversely, Romanians and Ukrainians frequently opt for shorter moves.

Nel progetto migratorio, sia esso individuale o dell’intero nucleo familiare, di fondamentale importanza sono le relazioni interpersonali. In generale, le persone si ritrovano, nella propria vita, a condividere spazi sociali e a instaurare diversi legami sociali che sarebbe difficile elencare, tuttavia è possibile distinguerli in legami e relazioni occasionali e legami più intimi a cui il soggetto si riferisce in modo particolare nell’attuare strategie di vita. I legami che gli immigrati hanno con il paese d’origine e con il paese di destinazione sono interessanti ai fini dell’analisi del processo d’integrazione; infatti, essi offrono una lettura del senso di appartenenza degli immigrati alla propria patria e al paese ospitante e contribuiscono in tal senso a individuare politiche di integrazione adeguate

Sri Lankans constitute one of Italy's oldest foreign communities. A comparative geographic study of Sri Lankans’ settlement patterns in three main municipalities of South Italy (Naples, Palermo, and Catania) is performed in the present work. The uniqueness of the analysis relies on the fact that, to the authors’ knowledge, no other existing studies comparatively examine the spatial segregation of Sri Lankan communities in different southern European municipalities. Moreover, implementing a single geographic reference grid allowed the homogenisation of different areal unit arrangements and the comparison between urban contexts. Original results have emerged from the empirical analysis, detecting peculiar and similar residential behaviour in Sri Lankans’ settlement patterns across the three municipalities analysed, jointly influenced by work specialisation and variations in the local cost of living. In particular, the high levels of Sri Lankan concentration detected in the wealthi...

The purpose of this contribution is to analyze spatial segregation of different groups of foreign immigrants in the city of Naples. We distinguish between two sources of spatial segregation. One source is mostly economically induced, and it is ascribed to within-city inhomogeneity in the price of residential property, and the availability of jobs. The second source is spatial attraction, i.e., newly arrived minority migrants may benefit of positive spillovers in settling close to their compatriots and transnational social networks play an important role in channeling arriving migrants into specific neighborhoods and, also, into particular occupations. We aim at assessing how much segregation may be ascribed to each of the two sources of spatial segregation. To do this, we apply a version of the K-function specially conceived for assessing spatial attraction while adjusting for the effects of spatial inhomogeneity. To avoid the risk of confounding the two sources of clustering, spati...

Today, the interplay between economic inequality, international migration, and urban transformation has raised awareness about segregation and its social implications on a global and European scale. As cities become home to diverse populations with various backgrounds including social, racial, ethnic, and cultural, the proximity of these groups becomes more pronounced. This article explores the residential segregation of four Asian immigrant groups in three major Italian cities: Milan, Rome, and Naples. Using data from the 2011 Italian General Population Census and employing an areal weighted interpolation procedure, the study measures segregation using both traditional two-group indices and multi-group indices that account for the complexities of contemporary societies. The results indicate a north–south disparity, with Naples exhibiting the highest levels of residential segregation. Among the analysed immigrant groups, Bangladeshis and Chinese tended to be more self-segregated, wh...

In Italy, foreign children are often enrolled in classes at a lower grade than that of their age group (what we term in this article ‘delayed school progress’), mainly because of language problems. On their education pathway they also encounter more difficulties than their Italian schoolmates, as evidenced by the smaller numbers of successful exam results. This brings about a

... Antonio Golini 1 and Salvatore Strozza 1. ... fertility), on the work conditions of some population segments (in the host countries, the effects of upward mobility or salary variations according to whether immigrant labour is complementary to or in competition with local labour), on the ...

... Alcuni aspetti delle relazioni tra evoluzione demografica e sviluppo economico e sociale", coordinatore nazionale Marcello Natale). ... situazione lavorativa: luci ed ombre » 124 6. I bisogni degli immigrati ei rapporti con le istituzioni, di Antonel-la Guarneri e Maura Simone » 128 ...

ABSTRACT In this article we investigate the propensities to have the second child in Italy for foreign women from Albania, Morocco, and Romania. Our study contributes to the international debate on migrant fertility by testing the main competing hypotheses present in literature, using the Italian case as an illustration. Italy is an important case study because it has been a country of immigration for only a few decades and because the literature on this topic was limited in Italy by the difficulties in obtaining proper longitudinal data. An important component of our work was therefore to build a new data set, using record linkage procedures that allow us to improve the information from Survey on Birth and Resident Permit Registers and to study the individual childbearing trajectories. Our results confirm the importance of the mother's citizenship. The impact remains strong after controlling for the main demographic and migratory characteristics. We found that older cohorts experience a disruption effect but that a native Italian partner can promote an adaptation process such as a convergence in fertility behavior toward that of native Italian women.

... MODELLI INSEDIATIVI DELLE COMUNITÀ STRANIERE IN ITALIA: UN QUADRO DI SINTESI * ... metropolitano e quello diffuso sono state individuate diverse situazioni particolari: dalla specificità delle collettività presenti soprattutto nei grandi centri urbani del sud alla peculiarità ...

... a una delle due individuate dalle Nazioni Unite e dalla Commissione europea (si veda il ... immigratidi prima generazione naturalizzati), così come dei figli degli immigrati stranieri che ... di origine straniera o naturalizzata), caso più frequente alla luce della normativa vigente sulla ...

263 Italy is No Longer a Country of Emigration: Foreigners in Italy, How Many, Where They Come From and What They Do ∗∗ Salvatore Strozza/Alessandra Venturini 1. Introduction Italy is well known as a country of emigrants; in fact, Italians have emigrated both to other parts of ...

ABSTRACT This article discusses labour force participation, employment integration and earning determinants for men and women immigrants in Italy. First of all, the overall number and the activity status of legal foreigners in Italy were analysed by main country of citizenship and gender (section 2). On the basis of official data available and through multivariate analysis, the gender differences in the registered labour force participation, regular employment access and the official occupational structure were examined for the main immigrant communities. This section of the paper provided a general framework of reference that allowed for indications to be drawn on the representation of the communities on which an in-depth study carried out in the following sections. In fact, gender differences, either on participation in the labour market and sectorial distribution of employment (subsection 3) or on the level and determinants of earning (subsection 4), was focused on three foreign communities in Italy: Moroccans, Former Yugoslavians and Poles. As to wage differences, the following elements were analysed: the determinants of weekly earnings (subsection 4.2), the measure of differentials and the assessment of their causes (section 4.3). In section 5 a summary of the most important results and some final remarks was made.

... hanno svolto un chiaro ruolo at-trattivo nei confronti degli stranieri residenti in altre parti del territorio ita-liano, mentre quelle centro-meridionali hanno fatto registrare saldi negati-vi, a segnalare una incapacità di trattenere e/o di attrarre immigrati, aspet-to ...